Answer:
A polis (plural: poleis) was the typical structure of a community in the ancient Greek world. A polis consisted of an urban centre, often fortified and with a sacred centre built on a natural acropolis or harbour, which controlled a surrounding territory (chora) of land. The term polis has, therefore, been translated as ‘city-state’ as there was typically only one city and because an individual polis was independent from other poleis in terms of political, judicial, legal, religious and social institutions and practices, each polis was in effect a state. Like a state, each polis was also involved in international affairs, both with other poleis and non-Greek states in the areas of trade, political alliances and wars. Other cultures had a similar social and political structure, notably, the Babylonians, Etruscans and Phoenicians, and the latter are believed to be the originators of the polis as a communal unit.
The polis emerged from the Dark Ages which followed the fall of the Mycenaean civilization in Greece and by the 8th century BCE a significant process of urbanisation had begun. There were eventually over 1,000 poleis in the Greek World but among the most important were Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes, Syracuse, Aegina, Rhodes, Argos, Eretria, and Elis. The biggest was Sparta, although with some 8,500 km² of territory, this was exceptionally large and most poleis were small in size. However, poleis such as Athens, Rhodes and Syracuse possessed significant naval fleets which also allowed them to control wide areas of territory across the Aegean
1- Critical thinking
2- Gathering of new ideas
3- Questioning the established power
4- Economic crisis
5- Social crisis
Any society that has intellectual production develops critical thinking in pursuit of its own growth. And also in what keeps political forces alert to maintain power or to make a change. In the exchange of ideas, new proposals are generated that promote the change of paradigm. These question the established power as well as society when it is overwhelmed by an economic crisis. Which often leads to riots and social crisis.
French Revolution:
With absolutism in decline economic hardships caused frequent revolts. They take more and more force the ideas of the Enlightenment go against the absolute power and the participation of the clergy in the questions of State. Among the thinkers of the revolution are Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu and Voltaire.
Domestication is the correct answer I believe
Military or economic power.
How The Spanish Armada Failed To Conquer Against The English.
The defeat of a Spanish invasion force in 1588 was a moment of great patriotic pride for Elizabethan England. The nation's sailors had driven off the vast menace of their Catholic enemy.
