They have a negative charge.
a. vitamins.
b. everyday.
I'm not 100% sure on b. but a. has to be vitamins.
Answer: The electron transport chain consists of complexes which are the proton pump for the hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial membrane which allows the synthesis of the ATP (energy currency).
Explanation:
The electron transport chain occurs in the mitochondria. ATP synthase present in the inner mitochondrial membrane is a carrier of electron. FADH2 AND NADH two molecules supply high energy electrons from the citric acid cycle from the electron transport chain at complex I (NADH coenzyme Q reductase) and II (succinate dehydrogenase)respectively.
In addition to loss of muscle mass, inadequate calorie intake can lead to loss of bone density and an increased risk of fatigue, illness, injuries and poor recovery.
<h3>Why is it important to consume adequate calories?</h3>
- When your consumption of calories is not adequate, your body will not get all the necessary nutrients.
- It slows down the metabolism so as to conserve energy
- Calorie restriction can lead to reduce in leptin, a hormone that regulates appetite.
- Lower levels of leptin can lead to increase in hunger thus a person overeats. This results in increase in body weight.
- Low-calorie dieting increases stress and results in the release of the stress hormone (cortisol).
- Due to response to stress, the body conserves energy and the metabolism slows to combat the risk of starvation.
- Therefore, it is important to consume appropriate amount of calories and nutrients.
Learn more about calorie intake here:
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A bony collar forms.
The bone collar is a cuff of periosteal bone that forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model in developing long bones. The bone collar appears during endochondral bone development to support the growing bone and help it retain its shape.
