(APEX) Both were surprise attacks that resulted in serious negative consequences for the attackers.
Catherine de Medici was the person
Your answer is:
Egyptian hieroglyphs were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt.
Spain closed the lower Mississippi River to American trade because if American relations with Great Britain were poor, affairs with Spain were worse. Spain, which held Florida as well as lands west of the Mississippi River, was anxious to halt American expansion into the territory it claimed. As a result, Spain closed the lower Mississippi River to American shipping in 1784.
