The Catholic Church´s response to reformation was the counter reformation, ( also known as Catholic Reformation or sometimes as Catholic Revival),not only as opposed to the potestant reformation but also as an internal revitalization of the Catholic Church itself. Pope Paul III convened the Council of Trent in 1545 to repond to the current issues.
Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote that book to let people know how bad slavery was. It helped people see the horrors of slavery.
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The emergence of a new middle class. The rise of merchants and the notion that wealth equals power. Mercantilism to capitalism.
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the GI Bill has helped qualifying Veterans and their family members get money to cover all or some of the costs for school or training.
Adam Smith is most associated with the philosophical development of the economic system of capitalism (A). His famous work "The Wealth of Nations" outlined his philosophy on capitalism clearly.