The answer to your question would be personification. Hopefully that helps!
Answer:
Wherever the crime novels of P.D. James are discussed by critics, there is a tendency on the one hand to <u><em>exaggerate</em></u> her merits and on the other to <u><em>castigate</em></u> her as a genre writer who is getting above herself. Perhaps underlying the debate is that familiar, false opposition set up between different kinds of fiction, according to which<u><em> enjoyable</em></u> novels are held to be somehow slightly lowbrow, and a novel is not considered true literature unless it is a tiny bit dull.
Explanation:
P. D. James (Phyllis Dorothy James) was an English Crime writer born on 3 August 1920. She is famously known for her series of detective novels including police commander and the poet Adam Dalgliesh.
It allows the reader to break out of whatever story is being told and view the past for it was and how it was remembered. It is an easy way to add a time lapse to a story.
<span>Corruption is stealing of funds that are not
supposedly owned by the stealer. In most cases, it mostly happening in
institutions and organizations. People are hesitant to report corruption
because (1) they would be ‘silenced’ (killed) by the person they are trying to
expose or (2) they are part of the dirty job.</span>
In an expository essay, you are only asked to describe what your task is, it should be objective and distant, with no poetic vocabulary or what not. So, the correct answer is A, formal, because the other options do not fit here.