I’m not sure but i believe it is b) higher birth rates and death rates
Answer-
Everyone disappeared without a trace in 1590, and only left behind 2 clues: "Croatoane" carved into a gatepost, and "Cro" carved into a tree. No one knows what really happened, but their are theories that they were attacked by local native american tribes.
After the death of Timur in 1405, power began to shift from migrating peoples to sedentary populations living in large centralized empires. After about 1683, when the last Ottoman campaign against Vienna failed, the great empires for which this period is so famous began to shrink and weaken
The answer would be C. the movement of plants, animals, people, and diseases between the old world and the new world.
Hope this helped!
~Just a girl in love with Shawn Mendes