Concerns about the effects of media on consumers and the existence and extent of media bias go back to the 1920s. Reporter and commentator Walter Lippmann noted that citizens have limited personal experience with government and the world and posited that the media, through their stories, place ideas in citizens’ minds. These ideas become part of the citizens’ frame of reference and affect their decisions. Lippmann’s statements led to the hypodermic theory, which argues that information is “shot” into the receiver’s mind and readily accepted.[1]
Yet studies in the 1930s and 1940s found that information was transmitted in two steps, with one person reading the news and then sharing the information with friends. People listened to their friends, but not to those with whom they disagreed. The newspaper’s effect was thus diminished through conversation. This discovery led to the minimal effects theory, which argues the media have little effect on citizens and voters.[2]
By the 1970s, a new idea, the cultivation theory, hypothesized that media develop a person’s view of the world by presenting a perceived reality.[3] What we see on a regular basis is our reality. Media can then set norms for readers and viewers by choosing what is covered or discussed.
In the end, the consensus among observers is that media have some effect, even if the effect is subtle. This raises the question of how the media, even general newscasts, can affect citizens. One of the ways is through framing: the creation of a narrative, or context, for a news story. The news often uses frames to place a story in a context so the reader understands its importance or relevance. Yet, at the same time, framing affects the way the reader or viewer processes the story.
Episodic framing occurs when a story focuses on isolated details or specifics rather than looking broadly at a whole issue. Thematic framing takes a broad look at an issue and skips numbers or details. It looks at how the issue has changed over a long period of time and what has led to it. For example, a large, urban city is dealing with the problem of an increasing homeless population, and the city has suggested ways to improve the situation. If journalists focus on the immediate statistics, report the current percentage of homeless people, interview a few, and look at the city’s current investment in a homeless shelter, the coverage is episodic. If they look at homelessness as a problem increasing everywhere, examine the reasons people become homeless, and discuss the trends in cities’ attempts to solve the problem, the coverage is thematic. Episodic frames may create more sympathy, while a thematic frame may leave the reader or viewer emotionally disconnected and less sympathetic.
Explanation: They affect them in a positive way because they make Americans people with better living conditions and greater productivity as new job opportunities and better medical care arise. The common people have become more independent, due to the broad alternatives that the '' new media '' possess, such as the ability to purchase products and services as well as economic autonomy and flexibility in schedules when accessing an opportunity labor, thus making the use of these new forms of technologies a great contribution to the development of the country.
Big bang theory is the best theory which explains how this universe came into being. This theory gave an approximate date of the universe and how it is formed. The explanation is given by observing the movement of galaxies away from our own and they all have originated from ancient singular sources of very high temperature and density. Although there exist many questions to answer, big bang theory is the most acceptable theory till now.
D. Germany had rebuilt quickly following World War I, while France's
economy was in ruins.
Explanation:
The battle of France in the context of World War II began after the attack of the <em>Wehrmacht</em> (German armed forces) on the territory of France and the Benelux on May 10, 1940, and ended with the capitulation of the French government on 25 June of the same year. After the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, France and the United Kingdom declared war on the invading country. However, the Western Front remained inactive for more than seven months. During this time of relative peace, the French backed down behind the Maginot Line and prepared with the English a defensive line along the border between France and Belgium, which had declared itself neutral, thus compromising the effectiveness of the Allied defense. The situation in London and Paris was one of confidence in the German defeat, although the rapid Axis victories in Poland and Norway began to make the Allies nervous. France had lost all its best weapons by that time as well as its best divisions, and its armored forces were void. Without reservations to repel the German advance through France, they ran free throughout the north and center of the country.
War Resisters League organizes first U.S. protest against Vietnam War and "anti-Buddhist terrorism" by the U.S.-supported South Vietnamese regime with a demonstration at the U.S. Mission to the UN in New York City. October 9.
The most important qualities that we can find in Moses are perseverance and wisdom. Over the facts we know of his life through the Bible, we can see that even being a baby, when he was left to his fate in the River Nile, his little body had to persevere beyond the inclemency of weather and hunger. Beeing a young man, he was a good son and a beloved brother within his egyptian family. Later, when he discover his Jewish origins he takes responsibility over the suffering of his own family and his people, and <em>beyond his own privileges and comforts</em> as an egiptian prince, he accepts to carry on with the demands that lay over him. Along times and events, he always persuits <em>wisdom and justice</em> and finds the way to live according to his principles and believings.
