That would be the Carolingian dynasty. "Carolingian" is a word stemming from medieval Latin, "karolingi," meaning "descendant of Charles." ("Carol" and "Charles" are essentially the same name in different languages.) So those who came after Charles Martel in his family line get the name "Carolingian."
By the way, Charles "Martel" is Charles plus his nickname -- Carolus Martellus (in Latin) means "Charles The Hammer." Think of it like a wrestlers' nickname, but here we're talking a strong warrior who rose to power by winning battles.
Charlemagne, the most famous member of the Carolingian dynasty, is "Carolus Magnus" (in Latin) or "Charles the Great." Personally, I like to call him "Big Chuckie" ... but I think I'm the only one who refers to him that way. ;-)
Answer: Dillion's rights were definitely violated. First of all, Dillion was a 12-year old boy, he was not even an adult. Second of all, Dillion was confined in an unhuman and dark place, suffering from cold, hunger, and thirst, and then was forced to confess. Even if he was guilty, his confession cannot be used against him because he was forced to do so. Third of all, the crime he was accused of was for burning stables and some other goods, he didn't murder someone. Dillion was tortured to make a confession, and therefore, his confession was a violation to his rights and cannot be valid.
The philosophes (French for "philosophers") were the intellectuals of the 18th-century Enlightenment. Few were primarily philosophers; rather, philosophes were public intellectuals who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning, including philosophy, history, science, politics, economics, and social issues. They had a critical eye and looked for weaknesses and failures that needed improvement. They promoted a "republic of letters" that crossed national boundaries and allowed intellectuals to freely exchange books and ideas. Most philosophes were men, but some were women.
They strongly endorsed progress and tolerance and distrusted organized religion (most were deists) and feudal institutions.[2] Many contributed to Diderot's Encyclopédie. They faded away after the French Revolution reached a violent stage in 1793.
