Answer:
1. A.
2.D.
3.B.
Explanation:
Notepad:
A. The present is key to the past. The geological processes ocurring today have always ocurred in the past. So if we want to predict what is going to happen in the future, we need to understand the Earth's past.
B. The tests that are used to determine when continental crust was formed are the relative dating and carbon prototyping
C. Open pit mining, this type of mining is very damaging to the environment because strategic minerals are often only available in small concentrations, which increases the amount of ore needed to be mined.
As the head organ in the body which controls, monitors, supervises and influences the different organ system in the body and of the individual -characteristics, personality, traits, cognition, perception, intelligence, sensation and motor responses. The brain controls the endocrine system by its part, located somwhere in the medial temporal lobe called the hypothalamus, the master gland of the body. The hypothalamus influences every gland secretion and hormonal function that preceeds and proceeds in the body of an organism -growth, drives, sex, survival and etc.
The hypothalamus sends sgnals from the different gland organs in the body that either exhibits or inhibits the activity of that particular gland releasing hormone.
Answer:
ATP
Explanation:
ATP is an energy storing molecule which can help with active processes like active transport. It stands for Adenosine triphosphate
Answer: zap70, ITAM.
Explanation:
An antigen is any substance that is capable of stimulating an immune response by activating lymphocytes, which are the body’s infection-fighting white blood cells. Examples of antigens could be proteins that are part of bacteria or viruses or components of serum and red blood cells from other individuals, all of them are foreign antigens originated outside the body. However, there can also be autoantigens (which are self-antigens), originated within the body. In normal conditions, the body is able to distinguish self from nonself. <u>And the antigens that represent a danger induces an immune response by stimulating the lymphocytes to produce antibody or to attack the antigen directly</u>. This is called an antigenic stimulation of the immune system.
ZAP-70 (Zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70) is a protein that is part of the T cell receptor, thereby it plays a critical role in T-cell signaling. When the TCR (receptor of T cells) is activated by the presentation of the specific antigen through the MHC, a protein called Lck acts to phosphorylate the intracellular CD3 chains and the ζ chains of the TCR complex, allowing the binding of the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, ZAP-70. Lck then phosphorylates and activates ZAP-70, which in turn phosphorylates another molecule in the signaling cascade called LAT (short for Linker of Activated T cells), a transmembrane protein that serves as an anchor site for several other proteins. The tyrosine phosphorylation cascade initiated by the Lck culminates in the intracellular mobilization of calcium ion (Ca2+) <u>and the activation of important signaling cascades within the lymphocytes.</u> These include the Ras-MEK-ERK pathway, which is based on activating certain transcription factors such as NFAT, NFκB and AP-1. These transcription factors regulate the production of of certain gene products, most notably cytokines such as interleukin-2 that promote the long-term proliferation and differentiation of activated lymphocytes.
The ITAM motifs (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif) are sequences of four amino acids present in the intracellular tails of certain proteins that serve as receptors within the immune system. Thus, <u>some receptors such as the TCR have ITAM sequences that, when activated, trigger an intracellular reaction based on consecutive phosphorylations</u>. Kinases are recruited for this purpose.
So, ZAP-70 is a protein tyrosine kinase with a role in T-cell receptor signal transduction. During T-cell activation, ZAP-70 binds to ITAM and becomes tyrosine phosphorylated. The binding of ZAP-70 to the phosphorylated ITAM is able to activate its kinase activity, <u>and relieves the inhibition of the transcription factor which regulates genes that are involved in the immune reaction</u>.
