Answer:
Undifferentiated inner cell mass
Explanation:
Human embryo has two types of cells in its initial stage, trophoblast and inner cell mass. Trophoblast forms the placenta and inner cell mass form the entire human body. Inner cell mass are pluripotent in nature i.e. they can give rise to any body part under right conditions.
Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass. They are derived from pre implantation embryo since after implantation the inner cell mass begins to differentiate. Embryonic stem cells can replicate indefinitely without differentiating. They can give rise to all the three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. They can treat a number of disorders like genetic disorders, Parkinson's, spinal cord injury, cancers etc.
Answer:
Poisoning caused by the mushrooms like by eating Amanita phalloides can lead to the death of the organism after a few days. The chemical α- amanitin causes serious problems to humans as it shows its effect by inhibiting the RNA polymerase II enzyme which acts during the formation of mRNA.
If mRNA will not be formed, therefore the process of protein synthesis will not take place as a result, all the cellular processes will be halted and the organism will die.
The organisms do not die frequently after consumption of the mushroom instead dies few days only when the α- amanitin starts showing its effect on the liver and kidney and the liver and the kidney fails to perform their work.
Since the liver and kidney fails after a few days by the chemical α- amanitin, therefore, the organism dies after a few days.
Answer:
Eukaryotes
Explanation:
The Golgi apparatus, also called Golgi complex or Golgi body, is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells (cells with clearly defined nuclei) that is made up of a series of flattened stacked pouches called cisternae. It is located in the cytoplasm next to the endoplasmic reticulum and near the cell nucleus.
In the case of the muscular cramps, the muscle contraction starts with the generation of the action potentials from the brain. The action potential causes the release of the calcium ions movement out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (storage site of calcium). The calcium released in this process causes the contraction of the myofibrils with the help of the ATP molecules. Meanwhile, the calcium is pumped back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum through the fast calcium pumps.
The contraction of one muscle cell generate the action potential in neighboring muscle cells. When the generation of the action potential is stopped, the sarcoplasmic reticulum relaxes as well as the muscle is relaxed. The fast calcium pump is powered by a sodium gradient, and the calcium influx is a result of fast outflux of the sodium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
In case, the sodium ion is less, the calcium pumps cannot be powered, the calcium ion would remain in myofibril, as a result, the muscle would be contracted for a longer time and this result in cramps. The muscle in this case, would be relaxed by the ATP instead of sodium gradient. So, it can be concluded that the muscle cramps are caused when the muscles are not able to relax properly.
