When Aryans invaded India, Circa 1500 B.C. they did not come with a language which had any known name.They would have spoken a kind of minor language with no script or literature.They found Tamil, a highly developed language, spoken throughout the Indian sub-continent up to Baluchistan in the Himalayas. Tamil was found to be a language with 3 independent fields of ‘Iyal (Prose),Isai(Music)and Natakam(Drama)’ .Dr.Vincent Smith, a noted British historian, in his book on Early Indian History, refers to the contribution of Tamil especially words borrowed by Aryans into their language. Tamil had developed advanced grammar, as proved by the great grammar treatise ‘Tholkappiam’. Later, Panini’s Sanskrit grammar, has borrowed heavily from ‘Tholokappiam’.For e.g. ‘Sandhi rules’ of sentence construction.
There is no evidence of the Aryans having spoken any kind of significant language as they entered India.If they had spoken a significant language,the remnants of it should be spoken now in the area from where Aryans migrated.
Class inequalities between rich and poor grew wider
Civil law is indeed heavily inspired by Roman Law. After the Fall of the Roman Empire, it survived thanks to the continued presence of the Catholic Church and its influence on law-making during the Middle Ages. During these times, civil law saw an expansion and development under the influence of ecclesiastic Canon law. It also continued existing during the Byzantine Empire up until the 15th century. When that Empire fell, its scholars would free and spread its principles all over Western Europe. It was a source of inspiration for laws when common laws proved insufficient on some cases and situations. Its influence started to be greater and greater and it finally became the main source of law for most European countries though adapted to their particular national contexts. It was codified by Germanic scholars and also underwent even more codification and development during the Enlightenment Period. It has been adopted by most countries in Continental Europe whereas in the United Kingdom, it is Common Law that prevails as the source of legislation. Even Japan, during the Meiji period decided to use it as the source of its modern legal system (mainly inspired by the legal systems of France and Germany).
Artisans were members of guilds in the later Middle Ages. They joined together to form guilds since individually they had little power to control the production of a particular craft.
