1) the Constitution, federal laws made pursuant to it, and treaties made under its authority,
2) when state constitutions or laws passed by state legislatures or the national Congress are found to conflict with the federal Constitution, they have no force.
3) Yes, all treaties are the “supreme law of the land”
4) The congress can shut down the government.
There were 55 original delegates and only 41 were there the day of the signing. Three delegates refused to sign because the did not consider the constitution to be a basis for a strong and stable government and wished to make changes before committing it to law.
The answer is: Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed.
The Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States establishes that bonds, fines and punishments must be fair and humane.
For example, in Georgia, the Supreme Court ruled in 1972 that the death penalty, as applied at that time, violated this amendment. The court affirmed that the death penalty was cruel and unusual punishment because it was not applied fairly.
Africa had to trade for cotton and slaves for the spices, tapestries and glass beads of china, India and the Ottoman Empire
Explanation:
Towards the western verge of the Silk Road is the Ottoman Empire. Present day turkey is the place which was ruled by ottoman Turks and Silk Road extended from china to central Africa. Cotton which was the primary crop of west Africa was traded on the silk road with China in exchange to porcelain, glass products and silk and spices.
Ottoman Empire which also merchandised on the Silk Road procured the slaves of Africa. Central African slaves were purchased by Ottoman Turks. Under Islamic law slaves were to be fed with food and shelter and they have to be given good care by their owner. Slaves were also made unrestrained and were given an opportunity to start a new life with. Ottoman Turks were religious and treated slaves as part of their family.
Hunters and gatherers were mainly scavengers and lived off of what they could find and agricultural communities could grow their own food and also sell it for a profit with no worries. Hope this is right! :)
