"From the mid-1970s there were new claims for the independent invention of iron smelting on central Niger and from 1994–1999 UNESCO funded an initiative "Les Routes du Fer en Afrique/The Iron Routes in Africa" to investigate the origins and spread of iron metallurgy in Africa. This funded both the conference on the early iron in Africa and the Mediterranean and a volume, published by UNESCO, that has generated much controversy because it included only authors sympathetic to the view that iron was independently invented in Africa. Two major reviews of the evidence were published in the mid-2000s. Both authors concluded that there were major technical flaws in each of the studies claiming the independent invention. Three major issues were identified. The first was whether the material dated by radiocarbon was insecure archaeological association with iron-working residues. (Many of the dates from Niger, for example, were on organic matter in potsherds that were lying on the ground surface together with iron objects). The second issue is the possible effect of "old carbon" - wood or charcoal much older than the time at which iron was smelted. This is a particular problem in Niger, where the charred stumps of ancient trees are a potential source of charcoal and have sometimes been misidentified as smelting furnaces. A third issue is the inherent lack of precision of the radiocarbon method itself in the range from 800 to 400 BC, which is attributable to the irregular production of radiocarbon in the upper atmosphere. Unfortunately, most radiocarbon dates for the initial spread of iron metallurgy in sub-Saharan Africa fall within this range."
Monroe Doctrine--This doctrine was announced in 1823 as a statement to Europe that they were no longer welcome in the Western Hemisphere as colonial holders.
Following the American Revolution and those of Mexico, Haiti, and South America, European countries had been almost completely pushed out of the Western Hemisphere. James Monroe announced his doctrine in 1823, stating the US would assist any country who had their independence threatened. This was to ensure the freedom of these new countries.
The Munich Agreement should not have been approved by the Parliament.
Explanation:
The Munich Agreement was at the end of a long list of policies of appeasement that ended up aggravating and resulted in the world war. This was avoidable because after the Versailles treaty either the powers could have doubled down on Germany or offered them more generous terms.
Instead what was done was that the Nazis were allowed to take over smaller territories while the allied nations sat back and watched and agreed to it. This emboldened Germany and eventually made the war possible.
The statement "insure domestic tranquility" would remind the states to work together cooperatively because they are the governing entities that can help to prevent domestic conflict.
Answer:
B) The economy in the North was devastated, although production improved.