The century from the conclusion of the Twelve Years’ Truce in 1609 until either the death of Prince William III in 1702 or the conclusion of the Peace of Utrecht in 1713 is known in Dutch history as the “Golden Age.” It was a unique era of political, economic, and cultural greatness during which the little nation on the North Sea ranked among the most powerful and influential in Europe and the world.
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Originally, Athens was ruled in six hundred fifty B.C. by tyrants. Later, Solon, changed the qualifications of political power laws: Athens' council would be elected by merit, not birthright. Eventually, Cleisthenes introduced the concept of an equal rights of all the free male citizens: Democracy was born.
The term that Mark Twain coined as an era characteriezed by a facade of prosperity was gilded age. "Gilded Age" was a title of a book that he co-wrote with Charles Warner. The book is about poor people trying to get rich and their relentless pursuit of wealth. Gilded gold was a term that meant that gold was placed on top of gold over and over, as in a bar of gold.
The Council had been called to examine doctrine and reform. Charles V had wanted abuses looked at first in an attempt to please the Protestants and hopefully tempt them back to the church. Once they were back they could look at doctrine. Paul III did not want this as reforms could financially damage him and concessions could diminish his authority. The result was that two separate sections dealt with reform and doctrine simultaneously.
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El contrato social, como teoría política, explica, entre otras cosas, el origen y el propósito del Estado y de los derechos humanos. La esencia de la teoría (cuya formulación más conocida es la propuesta por Jean-Jacques Rousseau) es la siguiente: para vivir en sociedad, los seres humanos acuerdan un contrato social implícito que les otorga ciertos derechos a cambio de abandonar la libertad de la que dispondría en estado de naturaleza. Siendo así, los derechos y los deberes de los individuos constituyen las cláusulas del contrato social, en tanto que el Estado es la entidad creada para hacer cumplir el contrato. Del mismo modo, los seres humanos pueden cambiar los términos del contrato si así lo desean; los derechos y los deberes no son inmutables o naturales. Por otro lado, un mayor número de derechos implica mayores deberes, y menos derechos, menos deberes.
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