Your muscles produce this when there are isn't enough oxygen for aerobic respiration

1 answer:

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Fermentation occurs only when there is not sufficient oxygen available to permit aerobic reactions. (Note, this isn’t pictured in that overall picture at the top of this post).

Let’s pretend your muscles don’t have enough oxygen to attach these “hot potato” hydrogens onto oxygen. The NAD will then reattach these hydrogens back onto the middle carbon of each pyruvate to create lactic acid. The same way pyruvate is known as pyruvic acid, lactate is also called lactic acid, they are the same thing.

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Humoral immunity is defined as the immunity which is mediated by several macromolecules presnet in the extracellular fluids such as antibodies, certain antimicrobial peptides, and complement proteins.

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Humoral immunity begins when an antigens bind to B cells. Interleukins or helper T cells provides a secondary signal to the B cells that activates a B cell and allows B cell proliferation. which roduces produce plasma cells. The plasma cell then produces antibodies which are identical to the specific antigen. The antibodies are the released and circulate through the body, binding to antigens. B cells the further produces memory cellss for future immunity.

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Anticodon

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