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Enlightenment values are embedded in democratic constitutions: separation of powers, popular sovereignty, check and balances, equal rights and equal obligations for all citizens (all are equal before the law, nobody´s above the law), guaranteed freedoms.
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The Tudor dynasty was the line of kings and queens of England ruled from 1485 until 1603.
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The dynasty started with Henry Tudor after he defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field (the Wars of the Roses). Henry Tudor became King Henry VII of England.
Henry VIII married six times. The political unification and need for a healthy male heir drove him to marry several times.
Henry VIII wanted a divorce from Catherine of Aragon because as his first wife, she was not able to give him a son which he wanted for his future heir to the England throne.
The Act of Supremacy declared Henry VIII the head of the Church of England.
Anne of Cleves was a German princess whom Henry married for political reasons but divorced soon after.
Catherine Howard and Anne Boleyn were two wives beheaded by Henry VIII accused of taking lovers.
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On the night of November 9, 1989, the Berlin Wall—the most potent symbol of the cold-war division of Europe—came down. Earlier that day, the Communist authorities of the German Democratic Republic had announced the removal of travel restrictions to democratic West Berlin. Thousands of East Germans streamed into the West, and in the course of the night, celebrants on both sides of the wall began to tear it down.
The collapse of the Berlin Wall was the culminating point of the revolutionary changes sweeping East Central Europe in 1989. Throughout the Soviet bloc, reformers assumed power and ended over 40 years of dictatorial Communist rule. The reform movement that ended communism in East Central Europe began in Poland. Solidarity, an anti-Communist trade union and social movement, had forced Poland’s Communist government to recognize it in 1980 through a wave of strikes that gained international attention. In 1981, Poland’s Communist authorities, under pressure from Moscow, declared martial law, arrested Solidarity’s leaders, and banned the democratic trade union. The ban did not bring an end to Solidarity. The movement simply went underground, and the rebellious Poles organized their own civil society, separate from the Communist government and its edicts.
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We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
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