Answer: He asserted that Jerusalem was the world's spiritual point of origin
Explanation: Pope Urban II, a native of France, was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 12 March 1088 to his death in 1099. He is best known for initiating the Crusades, by calling on all Christians in Europe to wage war against Muslims in order to reclaim the Holy Land.
Since the 6th century, Christians frequently made pilgrimages to the birthplace of their religion, but when the Seljuk Turks took control of Jerusalem, Christians were barred from the Holy City. With the threat of Byzantine Empire invasion to take Constantinople, Byzantine Emperor Alexius I made a special appeal to Urban whereby Urban seized the opportunity to reinforce the power of his Papacy.
Pope Urban denigrated the Muslims, exaggerating stories of their anti-Christian acts, and promised absolution and remission of sins for all who died in the service of Christ while reclaiming the holy land.
Answer:
d. helped to spread Greek culture throughout the Mediterranean.
Well actually a lot of the laws and traditions of the Western Roman Empire remained once it fell. Not within the Empire itself of course, but in it's influence into modern day. A lot of our modern day law are derived from Roman law.
The answer for your question is checks and balances.
Thus, the constitutional principles that does judicial review reflect are checks and balances.
