An example of an historical turning point was the emergence of <u>the Enlighment era, that led to the creation of democratic states. </u>
The Enlighment movement emerged in Europe during the 18th century and it was constituted by philosophers that promoted Reason and the scientific method over medieval superstition and religious dogmas, and the establishment of democratic societies where the power resided on its people, and not in monarchs or rulers "appointed by God". The resulting states that emerged based on the principles of this movement, enacted bills of civil rights for the first time in history, and implemented principles such as the division of powers or the social contract, through which citizens elected their governors by suffrage.
Such Enlightment principles were transferred to the American colonies, where the population claimed for political representation rather than being governed by foreigners that were appointed by a foreign king. Such claims were ignored and the colonies, influenced by the new democratic principles, started several revolutionary movements for independence aiming to establish new states based on the Enlightment principles such as in Europe.
Although it was unsuccessful, the Crusades introduced Europeans to the luxury of the Muslim civilization. When the Crusaders brought home silks, porcelain, spices and other goods, demand for these things in Europe began to grow, especially as the emerging bourgeois class of Europeans became a market for these luxury goods.
Marbury vs. madison established this.
answer
The will of the sovereign that aims at the common good. Each individual has his own particular will that expresses what is best for him. The general will expresses what is best for the state as a whole.
