Answer:
Trans-Saharan trade requires travel across the Sahara between sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa. While existing from prehistoric times, the peak of trade extended from the 8th century until the early 17th century. The Sahara once had a very different environment. In Libya and Algeria, from at least 7000 BC, there was pastoralism, the herding of sheep, goats, large settlements, and pottery. Cattle were introduced to the Central Sahara (Ahaggar) from 4000 to 3500 BC. Remarkable rock paintings (dated 3500 to 2500 BC), in places which are currently very dry, portray vegetation, and animal presence rather different from modern expectations.[1]
As a desert, Sahara is now a hostile expanse that separates the Mediterranean economy from the economy of the Niger basin. As Fernand Braudel points out that crossing such a zone (especially without mechanized transport) is worthwhile only when exceptional circumstances cause the expected gain to outweigh the cost and danger.[2]
Trade, beginning around 300 CE, [3] was conducted by caravans of camels. According to Ibn Battuta, the explorer who accompanied one of the caravans, the average size per caravan was 1,000 camels; some caravans were as large as 12,000.[4][5] The caravans would be guided by highly paid Berbers who knew the desert and could ensure safe passage from their fellow desert nomads. The survival of a caravan was precarious and would rely on careful coordination. Runners would be sent ahead to oases so that water could be shipped out to the caravan when it was still several days away, as the caravans could not easily carry enough with them to make the full journey. In the middle of the 14th century Ibn Battuta crossed the desert from Sijilmasa via the salt mines at Taghaza to the oasis of Oualata. A guide was sent ahead and water was brought on a journey of four days from Oualata to meet the caravan.[6]
Explanation:
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The prohibition of agreements of Union security between companies and unions through the right to work laws affected the union membership, these laws do not provide a general guarantee of employment to people seeking work, contractual agreements between employers and employees of stable unions, require as a condition of employment that workers must pay the fees or tariffs otherwise it could be up to you to demand your membership if you have not paid the costs of the syndical representation.
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after the french and indian war, britain began to enforce
taxes on the colonies to help pay for the expensive war. additionally, britain
needed to take steps to keep the peace with Native Americans, so king –George
III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which prevented colonists from
settling west of the appalachian mountains. these policies were unpopular with
the colonists and those grievances would lead to the american revolution.
After the Second World War , the creation of a Jewish state was decided and mass migration of Jewish people went to live in the newly created state.
The influx of people caused problems, namely if forced the nation of Palestine to move and it created conflict with the local Arab population.
Also, the Australian Jewish community today is a migrant community that is still growing in size. Its growth started when Jews escaped Nazi rule seeing refugee in Australia.
