We have to remember that there was a big difference between the treaties themselves and the paper documents that European-Americans used to record those treaties. For many Native Americans, a treaty was an oral agreement between governments. It was methodically memorized and often sealed with an exchange of gifts. In the eastern part of North America, wampum belts (which were shells strung together to create images) served as official records of these treaties, and were draped over a speaker's body when the treaty was being recited later on, much as Europeans might read aloud the text of a written agreement between two European countries.
For Natives, the oral agreement, along with these wampum belts, WERE the treaty, and the paper document they signed was just some odd European habit that they often simply tolerated. Many of the Native leaders who signed these treaties could not read what they were signing, and even if they could they did not recognize the documents as being the official record of what was agreed on.
Marco Polo (1254-1324) was a Venetian merchant believed to have journeyed across Asia at the height of the Mongol Empire. He first set out at age 17 with his father and uncle, traveling overland along what later became known as the Silk Road.
The Radical Republicans believed blacks were entitled to the same political rights and opportunities as whites. They also believed that the Confederate leaders should be punished for their roles in the Civil
