Xylem are tubes in the stem that transport water and minerals upward, from the roots to the leaves. Phloem are tubes in the stem that move food made in the leaves to other parts of the plant. ... Chlorophyll is a pigment that helps plants use energy from the sun to produce sugars.
With radiation and chemo therapy
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The bottleneck effect, also known as a population bottleneck, is when a species goes through a "bottleneck" event that suddenly significantly reduces its population. ... The bottleneck effect is a type of genetic drift, which is defined as a random change in allele frequencies.
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In vitro mutagenesis:
Another way of applying cloned DNA is in vitro mutagenesis. Here, a mutation is caused in a fraction of cloned DNA which is then transferred to the cell or organism, in order to determine the results of the mutation.
Disable cloned gene, when it's inserted back in the organism, it can be used to study phenotype.
rna interference:
RNA interference (RNAi) uses RNA molecules to prevent gene expression or translation causing in
inactivation of the targeted mRNA molecules.
It gives Double-stranded RNA homologous to remote gene which will cause a disintegration of mRNAs out of the gene.