1- The terrestrial lithosphere is composed almost of 80% by igneous rocks, they are also known as magmatic rocks and are formed at high temperatures due to magma solidification, they come from the superior mantle and terrestrial coast. Its texture is super resistant with significant hardness to obtain minerals and other derived materials. They can be divided into extrusive and intrusive.
2- Through experiments, Bowen has defined a sequence of mineral formation when a magma begins to cool. There are two types of magmatic differentiation defined by Bowen, the continuous series and the discontinuous series. In the continuous series the internal structure of the magma is not altered and all minerals have iron and magnesium, they are formed: aluminum, silica and sodium and calcium.
In the discontinuous series decreasing the temperature reacts the previously formed mineral with the existing liquid, and thus a new mineral with different internal structure and composition is formed. They are formed: olivine, pyroxena, amphibole and biotite.
Answer:
Explanation:
Measuring the amount of deu terium in the universe allows us to set a limit on the density of ordinary matter of universe. Density of the universe is about 9×10-27 kg m-3, because of the way in which deu terium was created in the Big B ang, an exact measurement of the amount of deuterium would allow scientists to set limits on the models of the great explosion.
Answer:
A carbon tax aims to make individuals and firms pay the full social cost of carbon pollution. In theory, the tax will reduce pollution and encourage more environmentally friendly alternatives. However, critics argue a tax on carbon will increase costs for business and reduce levels of investment and economic growth.
pros-cons-carbon-tax
The purpose of a carbon tax
The purpose of a carbon tax is to internalise this externality. What this means is that the final price of the good should include the external costs and not just the private cost. It is similar to the ‘polluter pays principle.‘ – which was incorporated into international law at the 1992 Rio Summit. It simply means those who cause environmental costs should be made to pay the full social cost of their actions.
Diagram to show welfare loss of a negative externality
negative-externality-id
This diagram shows that in a free market (without any tax), we get overconsumption (Q1) of carbon, leading to a welfare loss to society.
Social efficiency with Carbon Tax
tax-on-negative-externality
Explanation:
The answer is b. elastic deformation
In geologically active areas, stress causes rocks to deform or stretch out. But when the stress ends, the faults return back to normal through elastic deformation. They regain their original shape.
Answer:
on land but close to oceans
Explanation:
A boundary between an oceanic plate and a continental plate will be near a coastline., not "far from the coast" or "in the middle of oceans."
Often, mountains are also near that boundary, but mountains may also exist elsewhere, so "anywhere there are mountains" is not an apt description.
The best choice is "on land but close to oceans."
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<em>Additional comment</em>
The 2011 Tohoku earthquake near Japan was offshore by 67 km. It came from the subduction zone where the Pacific plate dives beneath the Eurasian plate. It is an example of a plate boundary quake that occurred offshore, rather than on land.
