Original--President by electoral college, Senators by state legislators, and House of Representatives by direct vote. Direct vote is by land-owning, white, males who were 21 or older.
President has remained the same.
Senators--changed to direct vote with the 17th Amendment in 1912
House of Representatives has remained the same.
Those who can vote has changed through time. In the 1820s and 1830s states removed the landowner condition for voting. In 1870, black men were given the right to vote under the 15th Amendment. In 1920, women were granted the right to vote under the 19th Amendment. Lastly, the age was moved from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th Amendment.
The United States federal executive departments are the primary units of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States. They are analogous to ministries common in parliamentary or semi-presidential systems but (the United States being a presidential system) they are led by a head of government who is also the head of state. The executive departments are the administrative arms of the President of the United States. There are currently 15 executive departments.
The heads of the executive departments receive the title of Secretary of their respective department, except for the Attorney-General who is head of the Justice Department (and the Postmaster General who until 1971 was head of the Post Office Department). The heads of the executive departments are appointed by the President and take office after confirmation by the United States Senate, and serve at the pleasure of the President. The heads of departments are members of the Cabinet of the United States, an executive organ that normally acts as an advisory body to the President. In the Opinion Clause (Article II, section 2, clause 1) of the U.S. Constitution, heads of executive departments are referred to as "principal Officer in each of the executive Departments".
The heads of executive departments are included in the line of succession to the President, in the event of a vacancy in the presidency, after the Vice President, the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate.
The Roman idea of citizenship helped to expand its empire and spread its culture.
