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3241004551 [841]
3 years ago
7

The body's reaction to long-lasting stress is associated with ____.

Biology
2 answers:
White raven [17]3 years ago
6 0

Answer: The body's reaction to long-lasting stress is associated with impaired immune response.

The body immune system is the first defence mechanism against any invading pathogens, physical and mental stress. There are two ways by which stress can affect the immune system: firstly by the creation of chronic inflammation harming the tissues and secondly by the suppression of the immune cells for fighting the infection.

During stress or fight-or-flight condition, body starts to produce more amount of cortisol which is a stress hormone. The immune system is suppressed by lowering the amount of the protein needed to signal the immune cells. This reduces the number of lymphocytes or B cells and T cells.


tatyana61 [14]3 years ago
4 0
Depression is the answer
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Glycolysis is the first stage in cellular respiration. It starts with a six-carbon glucose. Then, two ATP come and are converted to two ADP and two phosphates. Those same phosphates are added to the glucose to make a six-carbon glucose phosphate. That is then divided into two 3-carbon sugar phosphates. ADP comes and leaves charged as ATP because of the phosphate. Without the phosphates the process finishes with two 3-carbon piruvates.

If there is no oxygen present after glycolysis, then the next process is fermentation. Fermentation takes the 3-carbon piruvates from glycolysis and adds and electron to them. The result is lactic acid in animals and ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide from plants, yeast and fungi. Oxygen can then be added back to the lactic acid to form piruvate again.

After glycolysis or after the oxygen is added back to lactic acid from fermentation, the oxidative respiration, also known as the Krebs cycle, takes place. The 3-carbon piruvates are converted to acetyl-CoA. That is then turned into a 6-carbon citrate. After an electron is added to NAD+ to turn it into NADH, a 5-carbon molecule is formed. Then it turns into a 4-carbon molecule which is then recycled.

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Over all there is 2ATP made during glycolysis, 2ATP made during Krebs cycle, and 32ATP made during the electron transport chain for a grand total of 36ATP!!! After all these products are made they are then converted back by photosynthesis and the cycle goes on and on and on.

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