In the <em>Lochner v. New York</em> case of 1905, the Supreme Court ruled that states could not <u>impose limits on the number of hours that employees could work.</u>
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A law passed in 1895 in the state of New York mandated that bakery employees could not work more than 10 hours a day and not more than 60 hours in a week. A bakery owner named Joseph Lochner filed suit against the state, claiming the law was unconstitutional. At the time, the Supreme Court decision was based on the idea that such laws violated an employee's "freedom of contract." The majority of justices saw such a right implicit in the due process clause of the 14th Amendment, thinking that if employees agreed to work a heavy number of hours it was their right to do so.
In the time since the Lochner case, the Supreme Court has gone in the other direction, allowing laws that impose reasonable restrictions on businesses. An example would be <em>West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish </em>(1937), which upheld the constitutionality of a minimum wage law passed in Washington state.
Stalin was all for communism as to where Hitler was for Fascism
Congress played a significant role in expanding rights to marginalized Americans during the 20th century. Here are a few examples.
1) 19th amendment- This constitutional amendment gave women in the United States the right to vote.
2) Civil Rights Act 1964- This law ended segregation in public places. This included movie theaters, restaurants, parks, etc.
3) Voting Rights Act of 1965- This law got rid of poll taxes, grandfather clauses, and literacy tests. During the late 19th and early 20th century, all of these were used as a means to prevent African-American citizens from voting. Thanks to the Voting Rights Act of 1965, all of these types of obstacles to stop African-Americans from voting were now illegal.
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a concave lens is exactly the opppostie with outer surfaces curving inward, so it makes parallel light rays curve outward or diverge. That's why concave lenses are sometimes called diverging lenses. ... The distance from the center of the lens to the focal point is, again, the focal length of the lens.
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