• The kingdom PROTISTA includes autotrophic and heterotrophic, unicellular and multicellular organisms.
• The most specific taxonomic level is SPECIES
• The characteristic of all living things is PRODUCE OFFSPRING BY MEANS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• In 1990 —> SOME ORGANISMS WHICH WERE PREVIOUSLY CHARACTERIZED TOGETHER WERE DETERMINED TO BE GENETICALLY VERY DIFFERENT
• a virus is not living because it does not have —> GENETIC MATERIAL
• An amoeba, oak tree, squirrel, and mildew are classified in the same —> DOMAIN
* for the rest of the questions, im assuming there’s a picture, could you provide one?*
Answer:
The correct answer is option c "Proteins that are excreted by prokaryotes are synthesized on ribosomes that are bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane".
Explanation:
Many prokaryotes secrete proteins, particularly, extracellular enzymes that have a function outside the cells and toxins that are not needed by the cell. As any other protein, proteins that are excreted by prokaryotes are synthesized on ribosomes that are bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. However, excreted proteins go to the general secretion (Sec) pathway, where they are tagged and further processed.
The structure of a typical antibody molecule
Antibodies are the secreted form of the B-cell receptor. An antibody is identical to the B-cell receptor of the cell that secretes it except for a small portion of the C-terminus of the heavy-chain constant region. In the case of the B-cell receptor the C-terminus is a hydrophobic membrane-anchoring sequence, and in the case of antibody it is a hydrophilic sequence that allows secretion. Since they are soluble, and secreted in large quantities, antibodies are easily obtainable and easily studied. For this reason, most of what we know about the B-cell receptor comes from the study of antibodies.
Antibody molecules are roughly Y-shaped molecules consisting of three equal-sized portions, loosely connected by a flexible tether. Three schematic representations of antibody structure, which has been determined by X-ray crystallography, are shown in Fig. 3.1. The aim of this part of the chapter is to explain how this structure is formed and how it allows antibody molecules to carry out their dual tasks—binding on the one hand to a wide variety of antigens, and on the other hand to a limited number of effector molecules and cells. As we will see, each of these tasks is carried out by separable parts of the molecule. The two arms of the Y end in regions that vary between different antibody molecules, the V regions. These are involved in antigen binding, whereas the stem of the Y, or the C region, is far less variable and is the part that interacts with effector cells and molecules.
Fever is a NON-SPECIFIC immune response, called a "constitutional symptom," because varies entities may initiate a pyrogenic (fever) response. Bacterial infection, Viral infection, inflammation, and auto-immune reactions can all cause a fever at some point of their processes.
