Observational methods, case-study methods and survey methods.
Observational Method
With the observational method (sometimes referred to as field observation) animal and human behavior is closely observed. There are two main categories of the observational method — naturalistic observation and laboratory observation.
Case Study Method
Case study research involves an in-depth study of an individual or group of indviduals. Case studies often lead to testable hypotheses and allow us to study rare phenomena. Case studies should not be used to determine cause and effect, and they have limited use for making accurate predictions.
Survey Method
In survey method research, participants answer questions administered through interviews or questionnaires. After participants answer the questions, researchers describe the responses given. In order for the survey to be both reliable and valid it is important that the questions are constructed properly. Questions should be written so they are clear and easy to comprehend.
Answer: The cities in the second half of the nineteenth century represented both best and worst of American life in such a way that: The cities were more established as citizens could enjoy cheaper and better products. The introduction of factories and industries overtook the small farmers.
The industries were more along the city as compared to the urban land which lead to migration of people from urban land to the cities.
There were skyscrapers, light bulbs and other technologies available to the people.
The worst part was small farmers now had no source of income. The people lived so closed in the city that the disease could not easily spread because of overcrowding.
Pollution started increasing, corruption, disease and crime were some of the problems which was faced by America in the second half of the nineteenth century.
