Answer:
C. 3, 2, 1
Explanation:
During a single PCR cycle, the very first step is the heat separation of the double stranded DNA. Primer binds only single stranded DNA/RNA because it has complimentary bases which match single strand of DNA/RNA that is why it is necessary to unwind both the strands of DNA by providing temperature.
As soon as the DNA strands have separated by increasing the temperature to ~ 95 °C, in the next step the primer binds the portion of DNA which is complimentary to the bases of the primer. In order for primer to bind DNA, the temperature is lowered to ~ 72 °C and the process is called as annealing.
Once primer has bound to the DNA, the next step is polymerization i.e. nucleotides which are the monomer units of DNA are added one by one with the help of enzyme named as Taq polymerase. This is how the strand extends ahead of primer and exact copies of the given DNA are produced.
Note: PCR may be considered as in vitro DNA synthesis or replication.
Hyrax of the order Hyracoidea
Answer:
The top Predators
Explanation: The top predators are the least numerous organisms to maintain the population of the other organisms. If the top predators were the most numerous than the species in the forest would go extinct because they would eat all of the organisms lower on the food chain and would therefore starve to death. The top predators maintain the population of the forest by eating the lower organisms so that the amount of plant life will not go extinct.
Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats all contain three main elements <em>carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.</em>
However proteins contain nitrogen, and element not found in carbs or fats.
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There are various ways that geologists use for identification of minerals. These methods or tests are very simple to perform and can quickly help in the accurate identification of minerals. We will discuss here only three of them.
1) Hardness:
It is the property of a mineral that resists its scratching. It has something to do with the chemical bonding between atoms of a mineral. The stronger that bonding is, the difficult it is for you to scratch the mineral. Although presence of impurities can effect the right diagnosis of the mineral but still hardiness is a very good criteria to identify a mineral. For example, lead has very low hardness due to which we can write through it on paper, however a steal nib would never let us write because it has good hardness and it cannot be scratched easily. Please see the attached image, it shows hardness values of different minerals that give unique identification to them.
2)Streak:
It is the test in which mineral is scraped with a porcelain piece. This streaking can help in the diagnosis of the mineral in powdered form. For example, when chromite is streaked it gives choclate brown streaks and it is the color very different from all other minerals and it can be quickly identified.
3) Physical properties:
There are some ways of identifying a mineral by just looking at them, however some experts are better at it then some one who has zero experience. This is because minerals have some characteristics like color, luster (that can be metallic or non metallic) and taste or smell. For example, sulfur has a specific smell and it is quickly identified with it. Chalcanthite has a specific taste and it can be quickly identified with it.
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