Answer:
Explanation:
The entire structure of European society changed during the 12th and 13th centuries, and there was a time when this change was attributed largely to the Crusades. Historians now, however, tend to view the Crusades as only one, albeit significant, factor in Europe’s development. It is likely that the disappearance of old families and the appearance of new ones can be traced in part to the Crusades, but generalizations must be made with caution. It should, moreover, be remembered that, while some Crusaders sold or mortgaged their property, usually to ecclesiastical foundations, others bequeathed it to relatives. The loss of life was without doubt considerable; many Crusaders, however, did return to their homes.
The sectors acquired by burgeoning Italian cities in the Crusader states enabled them to extend their trade with the Muslim world and led to the establishment of trade depots beyond the Crusade frontiers, some of which lasted long after 1291. The transportation they provided was significant in the development of shipbuilding techniques. Italian banking facilities became indispensable to popes and kings. Catalans and Provençal's also profited, and, indirectly, so did all of Europe. Moreover, returning Crusaders brought new tastes and increased the demand for spices, Oriental textiles, and other exotic fare. But such demands can also be attributed to changing lifestyles and commercial growth in Europe itself.
The establishment of the Franciscan and Dominican friars in the East during the 13th century made possible the promotion of missions within the Crusade area and beyond. Papal bulls granted special facilities to missionary friars, and popes sent letters to Asian rulers soliciting permission for the friars to carry on their work. Often the friars accompanied or followed Italian merchants, and, since the Mongols were generally tolerant of religious propaganda, missions were established in Iran, the Asian interior, and even China. But, since Islamic law rigidly prohibited propaganda and punished apostasy with death, conversions from Islam were few. The Dominican William of Tripoli had some success, presumably within the Crusaders’ area; he and his colleague Riccardo di Monte Croce both wrote perceptive treatises on Islamic faith and law. Other missionaries usually failed, and many suffered martyrdom. In the 14th century the Franciscans were finally permitted to reside in Palestine as caretakers for the holy places but not as missionaries.
The Taiping Rebellion was a civil war that occurred in China between the ruling Qing dynasty and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, which was a state located in Tianjin who opposed the ruling dynasty. This conflict lasted around 14 years. From 1850 to 1864 CE.
The major motivation for the revolution was the conversion of Chinese society, including reforms like the introduction of Christianism and changes in government policy. The leader of the revolution named Hong Xiuquan was a converted Christian and he also claimed he was the brother of Jesus Christ. The conflict is considered as the bloodiest in history, with a total death toll ranging from 70 million to 100 million.
The outcome of the revolution was the defeat of the Heavenly Kingdom in 1864 and subsequent vanquishing of God worshippers. by the Qing Dynasty. However, it also led to a loss of power by the central government in regards to the provinces and the rising of provincial armies.
The trade route to Byzantium is what led to all the others.
Hope this helps :)
~Davinia.
the Chinese workers were content/happy performing the jobs few white men wanted
Explanation:
- As the author of the text says "As long as Chinese were content with jobs few white men wanted, then the whites ignored them. But as soon as Chinese landed better jobs or ventured into more attractive industries then trouble brewed, especially during hard economic times. Whites feared employers would use the Chinese to drive down wages and reduce whites to a status no higher than that of the Chinese workers themselves."
- Otherwise, whites were sometimes actually doing some awful things to Chinese workers.
