For the first one it would be 12 for 9.00 for your 120 pen question you would times until it gets to 120 which is 12 times 10 = 120 then you would do 10 times 9 = 90.00$ then you do the same for 10 for 7.80 10 times 12= 120 then you do 12 times 7.80 = 93.60 so you would save 3.60$ more on 12 for 9.00$ than 10 for 7.80$