General paradigms of species extinction risk are urgently needed as global habitat loss and rapid climate change threaten Earth with what could be its sixth mass extinction. Using the stony coral Lophelia pertusa as a model organism with the potential for wide larval dispersal, we investigated how the global ocean conveyor drove an unprecedented post-glacial range expansion in Earth׳s largest biome, the deep sea. We compiled a unique ocean-scale dataset of published radiocarbon and uranium-series dates of fossil corals, the sedimentary protactinium–thorium record of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) strength, authigenic neodymium and lead isotopic ratios of circulation pathways, and coral biogeography, and integrated new Bayesian estimates of historic gene flow. Our compilation shows how the export of Southern Ocean and Mediterranean waters after the Younger Dryas 11.6 kyr ago simultaneously triggered two dispersal events in the western and eastern Atlantic respectively. Each pathway injected larvae from refugia into ocean currents powered by a re-invigorated AMOC that led to the fastest postglacial range expansion ever recorded, covering 7500 <span>km in under 400 years. In addition to its role in modulating global climate, our study illuminates how the ocean conveyor creates broad geographic ranges that lower extinction risk in the deep sea.</span>
When you rub a ballon in your hair.
The indigestible carbohydrates that
are found in plant cell walls are called dietary fibers. Dietary fibers are
group of complex carbohydrates that is found mostly in vegetables, fruits and
legumes. They include beans, whole grains such as wheat, nuts etc. Dietary
fibers cannot be digested in mammals because the body lacks digestive enzyme that
is required to break them down.
Answer:
Group behavior, also known as collective behavior, <u>can increase the chances for a species to survive and reproduce because they can rely on each other to accomplish behaviors that are crucial for their survival, such as hunting, migrating, and breeding.</u>
Explanation:
According to ethologists, social species highly depend on the members of their own group for survival. One perfect example is the case of <u>schooling fish</u>. These small species of fish gather in a whole large group and navigate long distances while looking for food. Researchers from Princeton University <u>discovered that their orientation capabilities increased when more individuals joined the group, making them more responsive to the environment.</u>
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Moreover, there have been numerous sources of evidence that demonstrate that <u>orcas (killer whales)</u><u>,</u> which are extremely social creatures<u>, create large pods of around 20 to 30 individuals and 'plan' strategies to hunt. Also, older females swim along younger individuals to teach them hunting skills that are crucial for their survival.</u>
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In addition, <u>herbivores</u>, like zebras, <u>are usually found in large groups because it lowers the possibilities of being individually targeted by apex predators, such as lions.</u>
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Recently, researchers have also discovered that <u>migrating species</u><u> often rely on each other to improve their migrating capabilities by producing or generating social cues that allow them to improve their orientation or in cases when environmental conditions get tough</u> (Source).
In conclusion, these lines of evidence show that social organisms who travel in groups rely on all members to carry out important behaviors that, without them, would provoke an important decline in their populations because they wouldn't be able to reproduce or feed individually as successfully as they would with the 'help' of the members of the group.
- Couzin, I.D. (2018) Collective animal migration, <em>Current Biology </em>28(17), R976-980.
Explanation:
3 ka answer sugar is salute because it get dissolved inwater
