Capsid is the part of the HIV Virus serves to protect the nucleic acid core.
Amniocentesis or amniotic fluid test or AFT refers to the prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and fetal infections. It is performed after 16 weeks of pregnancy. The fetal DNA from a small amount of cells from the amniotic fluid of the amniotic sac is sampled for genetic abnormalities by inserting a needle and extracting it. The fluid contains cells that are sloughed off by the fetus. They are separated from the amniotic fluid, grown in a culture and then microscopically examined for genetic and chromosomal abnormalities. The test is a reliable indicator of chromosomal abnormalities such as Down’s syndrome, spina bifida, muscular dystrophy, rh diseasetrisomy 13, trisomy 18, fragile X, Tay-Sachs disease, Hunter's syndrome and other metabolic disorders.
The second membrane protects e.coli (Gram-negative bacteria) against a harsh environment.
The outer membrane indirectly helps stabilize the inner membrane as peptidoglycan layer in Gram-negative bacteria is relatively thin than gram positive bacteria ( they have multilayer pepdtidoglycan )
Sugar comes from either sugar cane or sugar beet<span> with the climate of a geographical region being the prime influence on which is grown. In both cases, the juice is extracted from the </span>sugar beet<span> or cane and impurities are removed. It is then crystallised into white sugar, which is 99.95% sucrose.</span>
