Answer:
Eric Hobsbawm, the Marxist British historian, wrote a book called The Short Twentieth Century. The 20th Century had been shorter than other centuries because it had begun in 1914 with the outbreak of the First World War and terminated of course early in November 1989 with the fall of the Berlin Wall. The problem however, and of course we historians we like problems, is that everybody knew what we had left behind with the fall of the wall, but nobody knew what we were heading towards. As Douglas Hurd, the British Foreign Secretary at the time, put it, “this was a system [the Cold War], this was a system under which we had lived quite happily for 40 years.” Or as Adam Michnik, again my Polish solidarity intellectual, put it “The worst thing about communism is what comes afterwards.” While our populations were in jubilation in front of the television screens or on the streets of Berlin, governments were, it has to be said, seriously worried about the implications of this unforeseen, uncontrolled and uncontrollable collapse of the Warsaw Pact and the communist system. Tom Wolf, the American author, at the time had a bestseller called the Bonfire of the Vanities and a British MP that I knew at the time famously rephrased that as the ‘bonfire of the certainties.’ All of the reference points with which we’d lived for half a century and which had organized our diplomacy, our military strategy, our ideology, were like as many props that were suddenly pulled from us.
Answer:
Islamic art is often characterized by recurrent motifs, such as the use of geometrical floral or vegetal designs in a repetition known as the arabesque.
Answer:
Colonial expansion inspired interest and generated writing during the age of the empire. Novels of exploration and exotic locales, such as Rider Haggard’s or Rudyard Kipling’s work, enjoyed great popularity. Even domestic tales were tinged by colonialism.
Explanation:
For example, Jane Austen’s Mansfield Park (1814) describes a family that owns plantations in Antigua. The madwoman in the attic in Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre (1847) is a woman from Jamaica. Colonialism figured heavily in the popular Western imagination and thus found its way into literature.
prevent European nations from buying the land
