The main difference between the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire concerned the official religions they practiced. Whereas the Roman Empire was officially pagan up for most of its existence, the Byzantine Empire was Christian. The Byzantine Empire was the significant remnant of the Roman Empire that survived in southeastern Europe for a thousand years after the official fall of Rome in 476 CE. As noted, a key difference with Rome was that the Byzantine Empire was always Christian rather than pagan. This hardwired into Byzantium a lack of cultural openness to the kind of religious diversity that had helped classical Rome to expand and thrive.
Another important difference was the relative weakness of Byzantium vis-à-vis the Roman Republic's power in its heyday. While powerful in some ways, Byzantium did not function as a hegemonic cultural, political, and military superpower in the same way as did the classical Roman Empire. This had the downside of leaving western Europe vulnerable to attacks, particularly from Viking marauders, that would not have occurred under the Roman Empire, but this also created an upside in which the western Europeans were forced to create their own vibrant and flexible cultural, political, and military institutions and infrastructures in order to survive.
Byzantium remained crucially important, however, because it controlled Constantinople, the gateway to the Mediterranean as well the gateway to overland passages to Asia. This was a source of access to vital trade routes with the East that this remnant of the Roman empire safeguarded for western Europe. Unfortunately, however, unlike Rome in its heyday, Byzantium ultimately lacked military might to keep this territory from Muslim conquest.
The right choice is B. Parliament passed new taxes on the colonies without granting them representation.
Slavery during the 17th century worked more like indentured servitude. The first blacks to come to the Americas were indentured servants. They worked off the debt of their passage and were given land following their servitude. The whole system of indentured servitude fell away after land resources became limited. Blacks were allowed to purchase their freedom, buy land, even some having their own slaves. As the colonies entered into the 18th century, the black population was increasing as slave labor became more important to the plantations. Increasing numbers coupled with slave revolts led to the creation of slave laws in many of the colonies. These laws made slavery lifelong and a status associated with birth to a slave mother. Though slavery was becoming less common in the British Empire, when the US became independent, slavery became a part of the new country's economy and social structure.
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