d. Expressivity refers to the range of expression of a given phenotype.
e. Penetrance refers to the percentage of individuals that expresses the mutant phenotype.
Explanation:
Penetrance is the probability of a gene being expressed. Sometimes, phenotype is not observed even when the dominant allele is present. It is a result of various genetic and environmental factors coming together.This phenomenon is called as incomplete or reduced penetrance. For example: polydactyly trait is produced by a dominant allele but its penetrance is low in general population hence few people show this trait.
Expressivity is the variation in phenotypic expression when an allele is penetrant. Same genetic combination for a trait can have different expressivity in the same population. This phenomenon is also a result of genetic and environmental factors acting together. For example: people who do end up showing polydactyly trait may show it to different degrees. Some might have one extra finger, some might have two. Some might have a stub, some might have a full grown finger.
During respiration food molecules are broken down to release energy. During this process oxygen is required and not formed but Carbondioxide and water is liberated as byproduct. So the closest answers are Carbondioxide and water
you are using your shoulder muscle. The reason you are using this muscle is when you put your arm strait up there is no reason to use a bicep or tricep muscle.
As the stomach contents pass from the stomach to the small intestine, their acidity is rapidly neutralized by the addition of HCO3- produced by the pancreasa good thing, too, because the mucosa of the small intestine has no other protection against HCl.
