The temperature at tropic region is warmer than the polar temperatures due to angle of the sun.
The tropics which is located near the equator are hotter than the arctic region i.e. north and south poles because the sunlight falls directly on the tropic regions at 90 degrees while on the other hand, the sunlight falls on the poles not directly and form angle lower than 90 degrees.
The amount of solar energy in a given area is greater at the equator and tropic regions than in an equal area at the poles so that's why the temperature at tropic region is warmer than the polar temperatures.
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I think the correct answer from the choices listed above is option C. The continent that was not covered by ice during the Pleistocene ice age. This is because the southern location of this nation made it much harder for ice to form, even during this time. Hope this answers the question.
I think the answer is oxygen, but not 100% sure
