Answer: 2. political ideas and practices of the colonists
Explanation:
- The status of non-Muslims was inferior. During the Umayyad Period it was specially the case, as Islam was Arab-centric and only Muslim Arabs had access to high positions in the administration and bureaucracy. During the Abbasid Period, Caliphs decided to rely more and more on non-Arabs, notably Persians and in 930 CE a law was passed that made it mandatory for all bureaucrats of the Empire to be Muslims. Therefore non-Muslims had a professional incentive to further their career.
- The <em>dhimmi </em>status involved the payment of a "protection" tax that had to be paid by non-Muslims to Muslims. Poor people had no choice but to convert if they could not afford the payment of such tax.
- As the Empire prospered and developed many Muslims migrated to conquered lands that were majoritarily non-Muslim before their arrival. Their increased influx made the new majority relevant and non-Muslims preferred to convert in order to assimilate to their new reality.
Indeed Richard Nixon was the first to travel China and Moscow.
So, if I am understanding your question, we are talking about the black plague. There are many reasons why this plague was an impactful change, some being that it helped humans understand the importance of hygiene (during those time, hygiene was very poor) as well as the importance of social distancing and overall the understanding of viruses. It helped society improve from their mistakes and become a much safer and modern society than it was before.
