This is a complex question that I cannot really explain easily. I can give you some hints though.
It is difficult to say Machiavelli was right or wrong with what he was saying. We have to put his words into the context of Italy, Europe in those times which lead him to say what he did. Had he lived today, chances are he would say something else. Or not.
Furthermore, I wouldn't say we can always expect our political leaders to be virtuous and effective (although this would be great) but it often happens that through cunning and strategy some get to top positions and aren't really suitable for them.
The partition of Africa (also called, with term less aseptic scramble for Africa, but better known in English as the scramble for Africa, translated into "the elbowing for Africa") was the proliferation of claims on the European African territories between 1880 and the beginning of World War I, the so-called period of the New imperialism.
<span>In the second half of the nineteenth century it took place the transition from imperialism "informal" control through military influence and economic dominance, that of direct rule in the territory. It is in these years the birth of colonial states proper.
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<span>I think he probably meant that the Constitution is not to be set in stone and should change to fit the times, which is my the Founding Fathers put in the Amendment process.
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"A constitutional door is left open" refers to the question of whether an action is constitutional or unconstitutional. There is gray area that needs to be discussed.
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The Mexican army attacked them. The main cause of the war was the westward expansion of the United States. All through the 19th century Americans believed it was their right to expand westward. At the time they believed they could conquer the people already living on the land and take it for the United States.
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