For independence because Britain was taxing the colonists too much, was passing too many acts oppressing the colonists, and even killed some colonists (Boston Massacre).
As of 2020, the majority of people belong to sedentary cultures. In evolutionary anthropology and archaeology, sedentism takes on a slightly different sub-meaning, often applying to the transition from nomadic society to a lifestyle that involves remaining in one place permanently.
The differences between the Mughal and the Ottoman Empires is that the Ottomans had a majority Christian region, while the Mughals were ruling over Hindu majority region.
The excerpt reflects the viewpoint of Federalists.
The above appreciations can be found in Alexander Hamilton text "The utility of the union as a safeguard against domestic faction and insurrection." In it, the idea of the Confederate Republic defined by Hamilton as an <em>assemblage of societies</em> is characterized. It defines the extension up to which democracy should operate.
Thus, the ideas in the excerpt are also, some of the ones that constitute what Hamilton referred to as the <em>science of politics and representation</em>, which contained elements that categorized an innovative government as the US is.