Ans: Humanism. During the 14th century, a cultural movement called humanism began to gain momentum in Italy. Among its many principles, humanism promoted the idea that man was the center of his own universe, and people should embrace human achievements in education, classical arts, literature and science.
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The Industrial Revolution sweeping across Europe and America in the late 18th century.
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In the Fourth Party System, the "liberal" party in terms of wanting to use the power of the federal government was the Republican Party, while the "conservative" party was the Democratic Party.
During this political period, which lasted from the 1890s until the presidency of F.D. Roosevelt and his New Deal, the Republican Party dominated politics almost alone at the federal level, establishing through this domination a system of non-interference by the federal government in regulatory matters, thus favoring large companies that, except in matters of monopolies They did not have major regulations and could carry out their activities practically without controls.
Reformation was a religious movement of the 1500's that led toProtestantism. It had a tremendous impact on social, political, and economic life. Its influences are still felt today. The movement began in 1517 when Martin Luther, a German monk, protested certain practices of theRoman Catholic Church.
Over the centuries there had been many reform efforts within the Catholic Church, most notably a series of largely unsuccessful church councils. Popular support existed in some quarters for simplifying worship services and requiring a more dedicated clergy.
In 1517, in one of the signal events of western history, Martin Luther, a German Augustinian monk, posted 95 theses on the church door in the university town of Wittenberg. That act was common academic practice of the day and served as an invitation to debate. Luther’s propositions challenged some portions of Roman Catholic doctrine and a number of specific practices.
