Autoregulatory neural and endocrine mechanisms activate after blood loss to compensate for the loss and restore homeostasis.
Neural mechanisms involve blood pressure and blood chemistry. Cardiac centers and vasomotor centers may increase the blood flow and cardiac output (sympathetic) or decrease the blood flow and cardiac output (parasympathetic). Peripheral vessels are also constricted and nor epinephrine decreases flow in the arteries and decreases the flow in the veins.
Endocrine control acts in the renal and adrenal organs, the brain and heart. RBCs, renin/angiotensiogen/aldosterone, catecholamines, antidiretic hormone, atrial natriuretic hormone regulate blood volume and blood pressure by keeping the fluids in the cardiovascular system. It also initiates vasoconstrictors or vasodilators.
The most distinctive feature of ape dentition, which clearly distinguishes apes from Old World monkeys, is a Y-5 molar pattern.
<h3>What is the Y-5 molar pattern?</h3>
- This is a distinctive type of molar teeth pattern found in apes and hominoids.
- In this, 5 cusps or raised surfaces are present on the grinding surface of teeth, roughly forming a Y- shape. Therefore, this is also known as Y-5 pattern.
- Whereas Old world monkeys have only 4 cusps on their lower molars present in a bilophodont pattern.
- A Y-5 molar is formed when the tooth is divided into different pieces which form the complete structure of the tooth.
- In bilophodont pattern the tooth is divided into 2 symmetric sections.
- The dental formula of apes is 2.1.2.3/2.1.2.3 i.e. 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars.
Learn more about dentition in apes here:
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Answer:
In females it begins prior to birth, while in males, it begins after birth.
Explanation:
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n human males, meiosis occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testicles while in females, it occurs in cells called as oogonia. In males, meiosis occurs at puberty while in females it occurs right at birth
