Answer:
According to Dr. Ray Schiling (member of the American Academy of Anti-aging medicine) about 1.5 million people suffer from peanut allergies. The seeds of peanut (<em>Arachis hypogea</em>) contain an array of allergens that can induce the production of IgE specific antibodies predisposed individuals. Ara1 and Ara2 are most common seed storage protein that cause allergy. Other allergen proteins such as Ara3 to Ara 17 have also been identified that cause allergy.
Entry of peanut allergen into body
When peanut allergens enter the body of an individuals it leads to development of different symptoms like itchy skin, tingling sensation, nausea, runny nose and anaphylaxis.
Allergic response
There are two subsets of T-cells Th1 and Th2. Both invoke different response to allergens. Th1 direct a non-allergic response while Th2 direct allergic response ranging from releasing of histamine to anaphylactic response. The presence of IL-12 cytokines direct a Th1 based, nonspecific response.
Mechanism of allergic response (interaction between helper T cell and B cell)
Step 1.
When allergen enter to body they are encountered by B cells. Immunoglobulin receptors on the surface of B cells recognize antigen (Peanut allergens) and get attached, which are then internalized and processed. Within B cells the fragments of antigens combine with HLA class 2 proteins.
Step 2
HLA class 2 with antigen fragments (peanut allergens) then display on the surface of B cells.
Step 3
Receptors on the surface of helper T cells recognizes the complex of HLA class 2 and antigen fragments (peanut allergen) and is activated to produce cytokines, which activate the B cells.
Step 4
B cell is activated by cytokines and begins clonal expansion. Some of the progeny become anti-body producing plasma cells while other become memory B cells.
20 times magnification because 1 divided by .05 is 20
Answer: There are several problems associated with handling of the squid.
Explanation:
Squid is a deep sea creature which becomes enormously big in size and difficult in handling in artificial water body or aquaculture.
It consumes and requires huge amount of food in the pre-larval stages typically phytoplankton and it becomes difficult to provide such food to them.
The maintenance of temperature, and salinity for the squid in aquaculture is difficult.
The sticky arms of the squid adhere to the surface of tub or human handler making it difficult to handle and can be poisonous to humans too.
Answer:
The correct answer is -
a. Protonation of the substrate.
b. Deprotonation of the amino acids in the enzyme active site.
c. Change in tertiary structure in extreme conditions.
Explanation:
During an enzyme assay, suboptimal pH is changed and affect the Vmax to decrease and this could take place due to various reasons such as-
A) protonation of the substrate - Upon protonating or adding a proton or hydrogen cation to a substrate atom, the mass and the charge of the species each increase by one unit which make a conjugate acid.
B) Deprotonation of the amino acids in the enzyme’s active site -Changing the pH will affect the charges on the amino acid molecules.
C) Denaturation of the protein’s tertiary structure- Tertiary structure of the protein is basically a backbone of peptide chain with one or more secondary domains of proteins that increasing the pH or decreasing the pH get denature.
Thus, the correct answer is : option A, B, C.
