Answer:
Results
We systematically analyze and compare how different modelling methodologies can be used to describe translation. We define various statistically equivalent codon-based simulation algorithms and analyze the importance of the update rule in determining the steady state, an aspect often neglected. Then a novel probabilistic Boolean network (PBN) model is proposed for modelling translation, which enjoys an exact numerical solution. This solution matches those of numerical simulation from other methods and acts as a complementary tool to analytical approximations and simulations. The advantages and limitations of various codon-based models are compared, and illustrated by examples with real biological complexities such as slow codons, premature termination and feedback regulation. Our studies reveal that while different models gives broadly similiar trends in many cases, important differences also arise and can be clearly seen, in the dependence of the translation rate on different parameters. Furthermore, the update rule affects the steady state solution.
Conclusions
The codon-based models are based on different levels of abstraction. Our analysis suggests that a multiple model approach to understanding translation allows one to ascertain which aspects of the conclusions are robust with respect to the choice of modelling methodology, and when (and why) important differences may arise. This approach also allows for an optimal use of analysis tools, which is especially important when additional complexities or regulatory mechanisms are included. This approach can provide a robust platform for dissecting translation, and results in an improved predictive framework for applications in systems and synthetic biology.
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Answer:
B = hydrogen bonding
Explanation:
The water molecule consist of two hydrogen atom one oxygen atom. There is large electronegativity difference between oxygen and hydrogen. Both atoms are bonded through covalent bonds.
Covalent bond:
It is formed by the sharing of electron pair between bonded atoms.
The atom with larger electronegativity attract the electron pair more towards it self and becomes partial negative while the other atom becomes partial positive.
For example:
In water the electronegativity of oxygen is 3.44 and hydrogen is 2.2. That's why electron pair attracted more towards oxygen, thus oxygen becomes partial negative and hydrogen becomes partial negative. The partial positive end of one water molecule attracted towards the partial negative end of other moleucle. The attraction between them is called hydrogen bonding. In this way large mole are connected with each other. Hydrogen bonding is actually a weak bonding.
No, even after several days of incubation, you shouldn't detect any symptoms of microbial growth in a sterile medium.
<h3>What is the microbial growth in the sterile medium?</h3>
The deliberate introduction of germs into a sterile growing medium is known as immunization. When there are no living creatures present, a substance is sterile; undesirable bacteria are said to be contaminated. The use of aseptic procedures helps keep growing media from being contaminated. Reduce the amount of time that cultures and growth media are exposed to the outside world. Clean the work area both before and after each use. Avoid breathing or touching the stock cultures or sterile culture media. Before used, loops, needles, pipes, and other items should be sanitized. The tube caps should be held in your hand while inoculating and not placed on the table while using tubes.
Learn more about microbial growth here:
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Answer:
Due to presence of water in these rocks.
Explanation:
The fossils of ferns, rushes, and primitive conifers can not be found in these rocks because these rocks are present under the sea millions of year ago. In this onondaga contains an abundant amount of coral fossils, crinoids, brachiopods, and trilobites due to their aquatic habitat. These organisms are present millions of years ago when this area comes under the sea so that's why the fossils of these organisms are present in these rocks.
Answer: karyotype
Explanation: if you suspect trisomy, you need to count chromosomes!
