Ernest Rutherford discovered/proved this in 1911.
Answer:

Explanation:
When the ice skater grabs the loose end of the rope, he experiences a centipretal force, where the speed he had before grabbing the rope is the tangential speed, this force is given by:

Answer: Descartes was more of speed which defers from modern day velocity.
Explanation:
Descartes law if conservation referred or defined “motion” rather than “momentum” as what is obtainable in today's world as ”speed” the rate at which something moves rather than “velocity” which is a product of speed and direction. So in conclusion Descartes was more of speed which defers from modern day velocity.
I think the effect is circular motion. well, the speed may or may not change. the direction of acceleration is always tangential to the circular path.
I think it’s B open series circuit but I’m not sure