Heterozygous is a term used in genetics to describe when two variations of a gene (known as alleles) are paired at the same location (locus) on a chromosome. By contrast, homozygous is when there are two copies of the same allele at the same locus.
The term heterozygous is derived from "hetero-" meaning different and "-zygous" meaning related to a fertilized egg (zygote).
Determining Traits
Humans are called diploid organisms because they have two alleles at each locus, with one allele inherited from each parent. The specific pairing of alleles translates to variations in an individual’s genetic traits.
An allele can either be dominant or recessive. Dominant alleles are those that express a trait even if there is only one copy. Recessive alleles can only express themselves if there are two copies.
One such example is brown eyes (which is dominant) and blue eyes (which is recessive). If the alleles are heterozygous, the dominant allele would express itself over the recessive allele, resulting in brown eyes. At the same time, the person would be considered a "carrier" of the recessive allele, meaning that the blue eye allele could be passed to offspring even if that person has brown eyes.
Alleles can also be incompletely dominant, an intermediate form of inheritance where neither
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In recent molecular genetic studies, genes associated with the neurotransmitter Dopamine have been linked to ADHD.
ADHD stands for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. People with ADHD have a hard time focusing on tasks. Scientists have found that the low levels of dopamine in the brain are associated with the symptoms of ADHD. It is because the neurons in the brain have a high amount of protein called the dopamine transporters. These proteins block the dopamine from passing between the neurons. This decreases the effect of dopamine.
