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</h3><h3>The Crusades provided an outlet for nobles' dreams of glory. Wars of foreign conquest had occurred before the Crusades, as the Norman Conquest of England in 1066 illustrates, but for many knights migration began with the taking the cross. The Crusades introduced some Europeans to Eastern luxury goods, but immediate cultural impact on the West remains debatable. By the late eleventh century strong economic and intellectual ties with the East had already been made. The Crusades were a boon to Italian merchants, however, who profited from outfitting military expeditions as well as from the opening of new trade routes and the establishment of trading communities in the Crusader states.
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</h3><h3>The Crusades proved to be a disaster for Jewish-Christian relations. In the eleventh century Jews played a major role in the international trade between the Muslim Middle East and the West. Jews also lent money to peasants, townspeople, and nobles. When the First Crusade was launched, many poor knights had to borrow from Jews to equip themselves for the expedition. Debt bred resentment. Hostility to Jews was then enhanced by Christian beliefs that they engaged in the ritual murder of Christians to use their blood in religious rituals. Such accusations led to the killing of Jewish families and sometimes entire Jewish communities, sometimes by burning people in the synagogue or Jewish section of town.
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</h3><h3>Legal restrictions on Jews gradually increased. Jews were forbidden to have Christian servants or employees, to hold public office, to appear in public on Christian holy sites, or to enter Christian parts of town without a badge marking them as Jews.
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</h3><h3>The Crusades also left an inheritance of deep bitterness in Christian-Muslim relations. Each side dehumanized the other, viewing those who followed the other religions as unbelievers. Whereas Europeans perceived the Crusades as sacred religious movements, Muslims saw them as expansionist and imperialistic. The ideal sacred mission to conquer or convert Muslim peoples entered Europeans’ consciousness and became a continuing goal.</h3>
Explanation:
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Republic is a form or model of political organization that originated in ancient Rome, in the 6th century BC, after the overthrow of the last Etruscan king, Tarquinio, who had influence over the region of Lazio, on the Italic Peninsula, where Rome is located. The end of the monarchy in Rome was caused by a political coup by the patrician aristocracy of the city.
It is from the structure of the Roman Republic that the main modern political institutions, such as Parliament, derived from members representing the population, were derived. Parliament, today, makes up the political structure of both presidential regimes (in which the president is the head of government and the head of state at the same time), like the American, and of monarchist regimes, such as the Kingdom United and Japan (in which the head of state is the monarch, and the head of government is the prime minister). There is also the variant of the mixed model, presidential parliamentarism, in which the president is the head of state, and the prime minister, the head of government.
In ancient Rome, the senate and assemblies constituted this “parliamentary body”. From the senators came the authority over the magistrates, who had administrative functions according to their rank and jurisdiction, similarly to what happens today with the members of the republican executive branch. Among the positions of the judiciary in the Roman Republic were consuls (the highest rank), praetors, censors, quaestors, edis and, on specific occasions, such as wartime, the dictator.
It was the belief that it was destiny for the Caucasians to expand and to take over North America. This caused conflicts when the Caucasians wanted to take land from the native Americans.
The Espionage Act, one of the federal government's most potent laws, is also regarded as one of its most contentious legislation.
The federal government's attempts to control espionage and public criticism of its military operations during World War I led to the creation of the Espionage Act of 1917. The Sedition Act was the name given to amendments made to it in May 1918.
The Civil Liberties Bureau was established in response to the debate over the 1917 Espionage Act (the predecessor of the American Civil Liberties Union). In the years immediately following World War I, the act served as the foundation for several significant Supreme Court cases.
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