This was a big deal because it introduced the concepts of limited government, rule of law, and due process. It also helped create the nation's Parliament (kind of like Congress in the U.S.). The Magna Carta was a government document that limited the power of the king of England and protected the rights of the nobility.
The Confederacy wanted to gain control of the fort because it had a strategic naval advantage.
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Non-Muslim citizens were outraged at the Mughal empire's implementation of sharia law.