<span>Before World War One France and Russia had a military alliance. This meant that each country promised to support the other in the event of war. In 1914 Germany declared war on Russia . By the end of the year, both the French and Russian troops were battling the German military.</span>
Governments typically had been either unitary or confederated. Or another way to say that is that they either focused on centralized power (in someone like a king) or particularized power -- the power in the parts of a kingdom rather than at the center.
So, for instance, in France (prior to its Revolution), all the power in the kingdom centered in the hands of the king. For 175 years, they didn't even have a meeting of the Estates General which was their version of a representative body. And the power of nobles on their lands was reduced while the king's power grew.
Meanwhile, in the German territories, there was a loose confederation called the Holy Roman Empire. One of the kings or princes held the title of "emperor," but he really had no imperial power. The confederated German states retained control over their own kingdoms or territories.
The American experiment mixed something of the best of both approaches. There would be strong central power in the federal government, but putting checks and balances on that power by retaining certain aspects of control in the hands of the states within the union.
It is number 1. the missouri compromise
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Since 1990, many countries have undergone major reforms to their utility sectors, aimed at reducing the fiscal burden of financing public services, and improving the performance of dysfunctional utility operators. Reforms often have been successful in improving government finances, turning around enterprise performance, and expanding access to services. However, reforms have often also involved major tariff increases for essential services, substantial layoffs among public sector employees
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