Answer:
Is composed of trabeculae that are oriented along lines of stress. (Ans. D)
Explanation:
Spongy bones are also known as trabecular and cancellous bones. It is covered by compact bones and present in the long bones. They are known as spongy because they are highly vascular and porous tissues.
Osteoblast thin area creating the turbeculae space between the tissues. Spongy bones are also known for home of hematopoietic stem cells and bone marrow, which are helping to differentiate white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
Some difference between spongy bone and compact bone are:
1) Spongy bones are light weight and compact bones are heavy.
2) Spongy bones are composed of trabeculae and compact bones are composed of osteons.
3) Spongy bones are known as cancellous and compact bones are known as cortical bones.
Plant cells have a few additional structures : chloroplasts and vacuoles
animal cells do not have these structures
Answer:
d. less than 100% of the energy captured from sunlight is transformed into potential energy in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient and then into potential energy in the form of covalent bonds
Explanation:
Photosynthesis is process utilized by plants, several bacteria and protists to convert the light energy to chemical energy. So they utilize the photosynthesis as the powerhouse for the energy production. Heterotrophs like human that cannot synthesize their own food, use this converted form of energy by autotrophs.
During the light reaction of photosynthesis the photons from light are absorbed by photosystem I and II. These photons excites the electrons which flow through the electron transport chain from higher potential to lower potential. These electrons release the energy while moving from higher potential to lower potential which is utilized by H+ pump to pump the H+ to lumen of plastids from stroma and of course not the 100% energy is utilized some of the energy dissipates. . So this process causes the accumulation of high potential H+ ions across the membrane. These H+ ions are utilized for the production of ATP by ATP synthase complex when they flow back to lower potential across the membrane through ATP synthase complex.
The ATP and NADPH produced from light reaction are utilized to combine carbon molecules during dark reaction. The covalent bond is used to combine the carbon molecules and we know that combining carbon molecules stores energy in the form of covalent bond.
Facilitated diffusion occurs with the help of a transport protein, such as electrons passing through ATP synthase in the electron transport chain.
