The conditioned reinforcers known as tokens can be accumulated and traded for different reinforcers.
Any two suitable examples, such as a compliment, an invitation to dinner, the presence of a loved one, or a warm greeting are all suitable examples. These are all conditioned reinforcers since they are connected to stronger reinforcers. They cannot be accumulated and swapped for different backup reinforcers, hence they cannot be considered tokens.
What is backup reinforcer?
Backup reinforce is a reinforcer that serves as the foundation for a conditioned reinforcer. It is a reinforcer in a token system for which tokens can be traded in order to keep their reinforcing properties. For instance, poker chips can be converted into cash at the conclusion of a game of poker. The money serves as a secondary reinforcer in this situation. It is allowed to use any two relevant examples.
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<span>vascular cambium
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Apical Meristems are found in the tips of the roots and in the buds of the shoots. They supply cells for the plants to grow in length.
Apical Meristems are found in herbaceous plants, woody plants, grasses, and flowering plants.
In flowering plants, shoot apical meristem develops into an inflorescence meristem which produces the floral meristem. The floral meristem is responsible for the production of the sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels of the flower.
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WIND ENERGY drives surface ocean currents
Answer:
A polio antigen
Explanation:
<em>The substance in the polio vaccine that makes it effective in the mitigation of the disease is the polio antigen.</em>
<u>An antigen is any substance that is capable of eliciting an immune response in an individual through the production of antibodies.</u>
Antigens could be of two types;
- foreign or hetero antigens
- self or auto antigens
Foreign antigens are those whose sources are from outside of the body while self antigens are those within the body, a characteristic of people with auto-immune diseases.
The polio vaccine contains polio antigens which is an inactivated or weakened form of the pathogen responsible for causing the polio disease.
Genetic variation enables bacteria to adapt to changes in their environment. Since, bacteria reproduce asexually (binary fission), they can share genes (genetic transfer) via other mechanisms such as conjugation (exchange of genetic material through direct contact between two bacteria), transformation, and transduction(exchange of genetic material via bacteriophages).
Transformation is a process by which bacteria takes in DNA from its environment through the cell membrane.
